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Observer (quantum mechanics) : ウィキペディア英語版
Observer (quantum physics)
In quantum mechanics, "observation" is synonymous with quantum measurement and "observer" with a measurement apparatus and "observable" with what can be measured. Thus the quantum mechanical observer does not have to
''necessarily'' present or solve any problems over and above the (admittedly difficult) issue of measurement in quantum mechanics. The quantum mechanical observer is also intimately tied to the issue of observer effect.
A number of interpretations of quantum mechanics, notably "consciousness causes collapse", give the observer a special role, or place
constraints on who or what can be an observer. For instance, Fritjof Capra writes:

"The crucial feature of atomic physics is that the human observer is not
only necessary to observe the properties of an object, but is necessary
even to define these properties. ... This can be illustrated with the
simple case of a subatomic particle. When observing such a particle, one
may choose to measure — among other quantities — the particle's
position and its momentum" 〔Fritjof Capra. ''The Tao of Physics'', p. 127〕

However, other authorities downplay any special role of human observers:

"Of course the introduction of the observer must not be misunderstood to imply that some kind of subjective
features are to be brought into the description of nature. The observer has, rather, only the function of
registering decisions, i.e., processes in space and time, and it does not matter whether the observer is an
apparatus or a human being; but the registration, i.e., the transition from the "possible" to the "actual,"
is absolutely necessary here and cannot be omitted from the interpretation of quantum theory."〔Werner Heisenberg, ''Physics and Philosophy'', p. 137〕

Critics of the special role of the observer also point out that observers can themselves be observed, leading to paradoxes such as that of Wigner's friend; and that it is not clear how much consciousness is required
("Was the wave function waiting to jump for thousands of millions of years until a single-celled living creature appeared? Or did it have to wait a little longer for some highly qualified measurer - with a PhD?"〔John Stewart Bell, 1981, ''Quantum Mechanics for Cosmologists''. In C.J. Isham, R. Penrose and D.W. Sciama (eds.), Quantum Gravity 2: A second Oxford Symposium. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p.611.〕).
== See also ==

* Object (philosophy)
* Observer (physics)

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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